FAQs

Why Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)?

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global warming of more than 2°C would have serious consequences, including increased draughts, floods, and storms. Millions would lose their livelihoods and have to migrate, causing increased tensions and the risk of war. The Paris agreement from the Paris climate conference (COP21) in December 2015 sets out a global action plan to limit global warming to well below 2°C. The agreement is the first ever universal, legally binding global climate deal.

To reach this target, climate experts estimate that global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions need to be reduced by 40-70% by 2050 and that carbon neutrality (zero emissions) needs to be reached by the end of the century at the latest. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has furthermore estimated that carbon capture and storage is vital if the world is to limit global temperature increase to less than 2°C.

How does CarbFix differ from other CCS projects?

The most commonly applied CCS method involves supercritical CO₂ storage in sedimentary basins, depleted oil and gas reservoirs and coal beds. This method relies on an impermeable cap rock to hold buoyant gaseous and/or supercritical CO₂ in the subsurface as the CO₂ is less dense than formation waters providing a driving force for it to escape back to the surface via fractures, or abandoned wells.

The CarbFix project mainly differs from these typical CCS projects in two parts. Firstly, the CarbFix injection method eradicates the buoyancy effect by the dissolution of CO₂ into water prior to, or during its injection into the subsurface. Secondly, CarbFix focuses on injecting CO₂ into basalts which are reactive and contain high amounts of divalent cations such as Ca, Mg and Fe. Chemical reactions between surrounding host rock and injected CO₂ loaded fluids result in the formation of carbonate minerals for permanent storage of the injected CO₂.

How safe and efficient is the CarbFix injection method?

The CarbFix method is considered safer than conventional CCS methods because it involves immediate solubility storage as well as rapid mineral storage which permanently immobilizes CO₂.

The largest risk of geologic carbon storage is believed to be leakage of the carbon either into the atmosphere or into overlying fresh-water aquifers. Leakage may be promoted by the presence of abandoned wells, or fluid-caprock interaction. Much of this risk is eliminated once the injected CO₂ is dissolved into the aqueous phase, as CO₂ saturated water is denser than CO₂-free water. Chemical reactions between the basaltic host rock and CO₂ loaded injection water have also been shown to be rapid, resulting in over 95% permanent mineral CO₂ sequestration in under two years.

Why is carbon mineralization so rapid in CarbFix?

Dissolution of CO₂ prior to or during injection ensures that chemical reactions between host rock and injected fluid begin to take place immediately after injection. The high reactivity and chemical composition of the basaltic host rock (up to 25% by weight of calcium, magnesium and iron) play an even larger role in the efficiency of permanent mineral storage in basalts.

What is so special about basalts?

Basalts contain up to 25% by weight of calcium, magnesium, and iron, the chemicals needed for permanently immobilizing CO₂ through formation of carbonate minerals. Basaltic rocks are highly reactive and, basalt is the most common rock type on surface on Earth, covering ~5% of the continental surface area and most of the ocean floor.

It has been estimated that the active rift zone in Iceland could store over 400 Gt CO₂. The theoretical mineral capacity of the ocean ridges, using the Icelandic analogue, is of the order of 100,000-250,000 Gt CO₂. This theoretical storage capacity is significantly larger than the estimated 18,500 Gt CO₂ stemming from burning of all fossil fuel carbon on Earth. The question remains, how much of this theoretical storage capacity is feasible to use for mineral storage of CO₂.

Can the CarbFix method be applied elsewhere?

The CarbFix method can be applied wherever a CO₂ source is located near basalt formations and a water source (fresh water or sea water). The most feasible formations are young formations, where faults and fractures are still open, and pore space not yet filled with secondary minerals.

How much water is needed for dissolving CO₂?

At 25 bar CO₂ pressure and 25°C, the water demand to fully dissolve CO₂ is 27 tons of pure water for each ton of CO₂, but 31 tons of seawater are required at the same temperature. The amount of water required for dissolving CO₂ decreases with increasing CO₂ partial pressure, lower temperature and lower salinity.

Can seawater be used instead of freshwater?

Yes, seawater can be used for dissolving CO₂ instead of freshwater. The basaltic ocean ridges are porous and vast amounts of seawater are circulated annually through them by natural processes. Every year, about 100 Gton of water is circulated through the oceanic ridges; this is about three times greater than the present mass of anthropogenic release of CO₂ to the atmosphere.

One of the aims of the EU-funded CarbFix2 project is to optimize the use of seawater for injection of CO₂. This is an important step in the development of CarbFix which can increase the geographical applicability of the method.

Can the water used for dissolving CO₂ be reused or is it contaminated?

Yes, the water can be circulated and reused after CO₂ has been removed from it via carbonate formation. At our pilot injection site in Iceland we can even drink the water after the CO₂ is gone. A positive side effect of the carbonation process is that heavy metals tend to precipitate into the carbonates along with Ca, Mg, Fe and CO₂, resulting in even lower concentrations.

Is CarbFix the ultimate solution to climate change?

CarbFix is not the ultimate solution to climate change but rather a new tool in the fight against global warming. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has furthermore estimated that large scale application of carbon capture and storage is vital if the world is to limit global temperature increase to below 2°C and the CarbFix method provides a safe, efficient way to permanently immobilize CO₂ where basalts and water sources are located near CO₂ sources and thus contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Who are involved with the project?

CarbFix was founded by four partners in 2007; the University of Iceland, CNRS in Toulouse, the Earth Institute at Columbia University in New York and Reykjavik Energy. Several universities and research institutes, and over 100 people have contributed to the project, thereof a number of PhD and MS students as well as engineers and technicians. Current partners, working on the CarbFix2 project, are Reykjavik Energy, CNRS, University of Iceland, Amphos21 and Climeworks.

Where is the CarbFix injection located?

The current operations of the CarbFix project are taking place at Hellisheidi geothermal power plant. The power plant co-produces electricity and hot water from the Hengill central volcano and installed capacity of 300 MW electricity and 120 MW thermal. Without gas capture and injection, the power plant would emit about 40,000 tons CO₂ and 12,000 tons H₂S. The CO₂ emissions amount to about 5% of what a coal fired power plant of the same size would emit.

What is the current status of the project?

Based on successful pilot scale injections in 2012, experimental industrial scale injection began in June 2014. CO₂ and H₂S emissions from Hellisheidi power plant are captured in a gas abatement plant through a simple scrubbing process, dissolved in condensate from the power plant and returned back home to the geothermal system within the basaltic bedrock where they came from. In 2016 the injection was further scaled up, doubling the amount of the injected gases. The capturing capacity of the gas abatement plant after the scale up is up now about 10,000 of CO₂ and 7,000 tons H₂S annually, or about 25% and 50% of the emissions from the power plant, respectively

At the end of 2017 about 35 thousand tons of gases had been injected, thereof about 23 thousand tons of CO₂.

The fate of the injected gases is monitored through injection of tracers and geochemical monitoring program, but results indicate rapid and permanent mineralisation as was to be expected based on results from pilot injections.

What is the energy penalty for adding CarbFix to a power plant?

The energy penalty of the CarbFix injection method depends on the type and efficiency of the power plant. The Hellisheidi power plant emits 21.6 g of CO₂per kWh of electricity produced. In contrast, CO₂ emissions from typical coal and gas fired power plants range from 385 to 1000 g of CO₂ per kWh electricity produced. Thus, the energy penalty associated with injecting CO₂ as a dissolved phase into the subsurface is on the order of 0.2% for the case of the Hellisheidi power plant and ranges from 3 to 10% for typical coal and gas-fired power plants.